The Analysis Of Light And Dark free essay sample

Imagery ( House Of Seven Gables ) Essay, Research Paper The Analysis of Light and Dark Imagery Nathaniel Hawthorne s The House of the Seven Gables, uses many qualities of symbolism which aid develop the novel s chief thoughts. Darkness is the symbolic colour of the Pyncheon s. Contrasted with its opposite, light, it forms one of the major symbols of the novel: the resistance of dark and visible radiation. Hawthorne utilizations dark imagination throughout his novel to show a sense of decay, but he besides uses light imagination to shoot hope. Nathaniel Hawthorne in The House of the Seven Gables describes Phoebe as an lighting pinpoint of light transforming the darkness of the house like the visible radiation of morning ( 92 ) . This description of Phoebe, utilizing light imagination, expresses that she is an guiltless adult female with an interior spirit to assist interrupt the Pyncheon s expletive. Clark Giffith records in Hawthorne s Imagery: The Proper Light and Shadow in the Major Romances that Phoebe is instead excessively evidently a small beam of sunlight # 8230 ; ( 37 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Analysis Of Light And Dark or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Phoebe enters the house from the cheery daytime, and is about blinded by the denseness of shadows skulking in the transitions of the old house, the contrast between Phoebe s lighted presence against the dark glooming house can be seen. The old Pyncheon-elm, which stands over the house, is a symbol of Resurrection from the darkness and decay. In Chapter 19, Alice s Posies, the Pyncheon elm is all of a sudden filled with the forenoon Sun in fact, one subdivision of the elm has been transmutated to bright gold. The elm is peculiarly particular at the terminal of the novel because it was left unhurt after the storm, the remainder of the tree is in perfect greenery, a symbol of life non of decease. The tree has come to typify nature and nature s Resurrection, and in a sense this Resurrection of nature provides a strong image of hope. Masterpieces of American Literature suggests As the house and its dwellers have decayed, the elm tree has grown about as though it were nourished by the decay of the Pyncheon household # 8230 ; The elm has grown with each season, but the dwellers of the house have become stunted. ( Magill 221-222 ) . The Pyncheon s elm is full of life and visible radiation because it has eventually succeed ed in dominating the Pyncheon s dark and desolate family. In Chapter one, The Old Pyncheon Family, Hawthorne describes the house utilizing assorted dark elements. He expresses to his readers that the house is in ruins and is destined to prostration, which is representative of the Pyncheon household. Richard Fogle provinces in Hawthorne s Fiction: The Light and the Dark: There is a certain suggestion in the novel, though, that the humanity and self-respect of the house are inseparable from its problems ; this suggestion is found in the contrasting ima Ges of visible radiation and dark. Although storm and sunlight have constituted the history of the house, the darkness of the baleful storm is prevalent, as the venerable sign of the zodiac # 8230 ; grew black in the east-wind. This darkness is early foreshadowed. Hawthorne describes how the panic and ugliness of Maule s offense darkened the newly painted walls of the house until it became a grey, feudal palace. ( 220-221 ) Hawthorne s usage of darkness in the novel normally represents the decaying of either theHawthorne s usage of darkness in the novel normally represents the decaying of either the house or the household. In American Writers, Leonard Unger states Clifford s dressing gown is now a dark and faded garment, and it is therefore a adjustment emblem for its wearer and a symbol for the full Pyncheon household ( 242 ) . Leonard Unger besides goes on to province that there are many other objects located in the Pyncheon s house that symbolizes the disintegrating life style of the Pyncheons household: The darkness of the old Pyncheon house is impressive and important. Within its deepnesss are shady emblems of the past, each stand foring immorality masterminds of the Pyncheon household. The hereditary chair is a reminder non merely of the old Colonel but besides the susceptibleness to Maule s expletive ( what appears to be apoplexy ) ; the portrayal and the map are indistinctly seeable items of the Colonel s inflexible sternness and greed. The cembalo is likened to a casket ( remembering Alice s fatal pride ) . None of the objects can be distinguished really clearly in the darkness, but the novel shows that they hold an ineluctable world. ( 244-245 ) In Chapter 17, The Guest, Clifford describes the Pyncheon s dark and deathly house of the seven gables as # 8230 ; a rusty, loony, creaky, dry-rotted, damp-rotted, begrimed, dark, and suffering keep. He besides goes on to state it is a great, glooming, dark-chambered sign of the zodiac. . . a dark, low, cross-beamed, wainscoted room of an old house. Both these descriptions of the house give off the dark disintegrating puting which helps to develop the contrasting thoughts of both light and dark imagination within the novel. Unger expresses that the dark Pyncheon s house holds many points that symbolize the Pyncheons decaying life style. The contrasting visible radiation and dark images used in Nathaniel Hawthorne s fresh aid each other to equilibrate out good and evil. Darkness creates the image of the disintegrating Pyncheon household while visible radiation, antagonizing the effects of darkness, creates hope and a mark of salvation. In the terminal, light overcomes the dark disintegrating universe of the Pyncheons wickednesss, and the goodness still left within the household remain life.

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Neuroscience Assignment Points to consider: The cochlear organ is a distinct entity, which like other sensory receptors, functions to transduce information from the environment into an electrical impulse in the sensory nerve with which it is associated. Subsequently the sensory nerve conveys this information to the central nervous system so that one can become aware of the sensation and respond accordingly. The cochlear implant is used to restore the transduction capabilities of the cochlea when the hair cells which perform this function are irreversibly lost, and relies on the survival of the auditory neurons which make up the sensory nerve, as well as successful orientation of the electrodes implanted with those neurons. Lack of activity in a damaged cochlea leads to degeneration of its nerve supply, the degree of which impacts on the success of the replacement receptor.*hearing (p.590-) W4L4 The spinal cord, as a component of the central nervous system, consists of millions of neu rons, which at any given level may be travelling longitudinally to or from the brain or other spinal cord segments, more or less horizontally to convey information to other neurons in the same transverse plane, entering the spinal cord with sensory information, or leaving the cord to perform motor functions.Individual nerve cells receive multiple inputs and integrate information from various sources before carrying the electrical signal to the next neuron in the circuit, which will similarly have many inputs. The complexity of these connections would unlikely be replicable by an electronic device.Organisation *outline of sensory, motor organization (Ch. 18) *spatial organization (p.667) W2L2,3 Intrinsic Properties *pattern generators and necessary inputs from higher centres (p.742-) W2L4 Motor and Sensory Networks *motor control: motor neurons, local interneurons, brain stem and cortical descending pathways, propriospinal neurons (p.667-) W2L3 *spinal reflexes involve coordinated co ntraction of numerous muscles in the limbs (p.716-, 663) W2L3 *interdependence of systems, e.g...

Sometimes in Winter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sometimes in Winter - Essay Example The succeeding paragraph will also contain my own thoughts and emotion about this work. After having gone though the literary pieces of Linda Pastan, I realized that most of her poems were all about life, love and human emotions. Such that the central them she chose to employ in this poem, Sometimes in winter, talks about her thoughts about life, whether her own life or those of others whom she knew she was a part of as well as those which became part of her. This poem to me, is an allegory about how people become instrumental in the lives of others, and how they step in and walk into that lives leaving footprints that I might as well equate with memory and etched meaning. Linda Pastan's view about life depicts the reality of how people relate with one another, thus the saying no man is an island. We need others in order to make us feel good with in. As human beings, we need other people to interact with, to relate and converse with, even to the extent of realizing what was going on with our own lives by looking at the experiences of others. She used the symbolism of v isualizing the faces of those she loves, those faces that may perhaps touched her lives at one point in time. These can be depicted on the memories of those people we hold dear that are etched inside our minds, and going over that vision again reminds us the things that did both good and bad. Thus, every person's impact in our lives is conceived through the bonds and relationship we established with them. These relationships will become an archive of well kept experiences; those instances that made us laugh, cry, angry or annoyed. These are feelings that remind us about our human qualities embedded within extracted and surfaced because of others. This to me is what she was trying to say in the first line of her poem. Taking into consideration the setting she used, winter, depicts of cold and dark times, times where people are forced into seclusion. With which I take the positive and discuss my own reflections about this particular setting. My views about her poems set in the winter is those times when we feel alone, most certainly down and defeated by circumstances that sometimes are too much for a human emotion to bear, such is a time when we would want to feel lifted and free of all desperation. If we were to incorporate the first line of the poem into the setting, I can say that Pastan had wonderful people around her during her most desperate time. These people were there to support her and keep her warm amidst the coldness and darkness of the nature of her situation. Winter here, depicts of a certain phase of here life where she struggles to cope with realities and accepts the burden, and such was made possible through the assistance of a support group, weather family, friends and love ones. On the other hand, this can also depict a setting with which a negative stand is depicted. It may be that winter in her poem is the experiences caused by other people's wrath and coldness that forces her to shut out and withdraw from. It may be the effect of this experiences that she describes as bleak and dark. The relationship we make with other people does not always turn out the way we want them to be. There are those that

Health and social care Understanding Abuse Essay

Health and social care Understanding Abuse - Essay Example ng child abuse, difficulty in detecting child abuse since a time there are no scars or marks left on children’s bodies among others (Hoyano & Keenan, 2010). This work is about stipulated policies and legislations with regard to child abuse. It also focuses on the relevant professionals responsible for reducing child abuse in the society as well as the hurdles or challenges involved. There are different types of child abuse in the modern society. However, all child abuse is associated with emotional problems in their lives. It is a child’s right to appreciate and enjoy protection from parents or guardians. Emotional child abuse is associated with poor mental and social child development. This results from frequent shaming and child humiliations, belittling, negative comparisons, common yelling to children, ignoring a child as a kind of punishment or rather silent treatment, lack of affection to children and threatening or bullying a child. Neglecting children is another kind of child abuse. Parents in the modern world are entirely engaged in their careers to an extent that they do not have adequate time for their children as required by the law. Some parents do not cater for their children’s needs like clothing, food, shelter, food, education, security and others. This is the most kind of abuse in the current generation since the majority of parents are physically or emotionally impaired to offer such needs to their children (Starr, 2003). Furthermore, it is difficult to detect since parents have different financial abilities to cater for their childs needs. Older children rarely show the external signs or indications of neglect. Some are forced to play the parenting role to feed and shelter them. Physical child abuse includes body harms and injuries to the child. Extreme or severe caning and beating to children may result to bruises and wounds on a child’s body. Punishments should be in accordance with a child’s age and health condition. Child sexual

Applying E-Business Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying E-Business Strategies - Essay Example In spite of having the right to comment about the cafà ©s activities, the customer’s viewpoints reveal ignorance of children’s right towards recreational activities such as storytelling sessions. An open web forum is prone to abusive comments, non-relevant posts, and inciting others regarding an issue concerning either the cafà © or other firms. Consequently, encouraging an open line communication and maintaining an open web forum necessities to the cafà © to ask the customers to agree with the terms of web forum prior to posting their comments. Deleting offensive comments and integrating a word filter into the web forum will further encourage an open line of communication and still maintain an open web forum. The best type of business that fits Broadway cafà © is the advertising e-business that will be executed through a number of strategies including the use social blogs (Canzer 97). A website is one of the way that the cafà © will receive feedback on their services, which facilitate the improvement of services towards customer satisfaction through an effective customer service. Once customers are satisfied, the cafà © will increase sales as they keep on coming back for more increasing the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s revenue. The social platforms form one of the major marketing strategies that the cafà © can use to showcase its products and services and conduct promotions. Posting and sharing of pictures will help in the improving the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s brand providing a direct access forum for the customers to review the services prior to their visit, which further attract more customers; hence, increasing Broadway cafà © revenue. Broadway cafà © can further introduce a cashless payment to deal with the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s finance where the customer is able to pay using an online payment method, which most people find appropriate compared to walking around with cash. Additionally, the cafà © can

The effects of corruption on the Nigerian economy

The effects of corruption on the Nigerian economy To evaluate the effects of corruption on the Nigerian economy, we utilise the estimated size of the hidden economy (a proxy for corruption) in effect to Nigerian economy growth, (Salisu, 2006). A MIMIC is a structural econometric model for estimating an equation in which the dependent variable is unobservable (latent). (Frey Weck-Hannemann, 1984) pioneered the use of MIMIC modelling in the context of the hidden economy. Since then, a number of other studies have employed this technique, (Aigner et al. 1986; Schneider 1997; Giles 1997, 1999; Tedds, 1998). It is a powerful technique for estimating the underground economy, as it allows for simultaneous interaction between multiple explanatory variables and multiple indicators of the hidden economy. The latent variable is linked, on the one hand, to a number of observable indicators (reflecting changes in the size of the unreported economy); and on the other hand to a set of observed causal variables, which are considered to be importan t determinants of the unreported economic activity. 4.4 Discussion of Empirical Results for Model Based on the reasoning we try to model the existence and the effect of corruption on Nigerian economy (FDI) based on the model by Johnson and Dahlstrom which depicts the picture of what we applying. The model is based on assumption that the bureaucrat has monopoly in providing government services that the MNE needs in order to operate in the host county,( Dahlstrom and Johnson, 2004): 4.4.1Equation 1 Corruption if: à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ c ( i) No corruption if: à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Where à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ is an agents expected payoff from corruption and c is the expected cost. For corruption to take place à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ c for all involved agents. 4.4.2 Equation 2 Equation two below presents payoff functions for the two types of agents. Payoff for MNE à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡mne = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ( ii) Payoff for bureaucrat à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡off = ÃŽÂ · Where ÃŽÂ ² is the probability that the bureaucrat indeed delivers the government service, à Ã¢â‚¬   signifies the value of that government service for the MNE and ÃŽÂ · signifies the size of the bribe. The payoff of corruption is simply the monetary value an agent can earn by realising the action. For an MNE the payoff of engaging in corruption could for example be the future cash flow connected to a building contract granted by the bureaucrat. For a bureaucrat the payoff of corruption is simply the size of the bribe (Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004). The probability variable ÃŽÂ ² has been discussed by (Shleifer and Vishny ,1993) among others and can be used to distinguish bribes from taxes. As discussed earlier, (Shleifer and Vishny, 1993) distinguish between centralised corruption where a single agent (bureaucrat) collects the bribe. Decentralised corruption implies that several individual bureaucrats can demand bribes. Therefore, even when having paid a bribe there is still a possibility that the MNE does not get access to the government service that it wants. This would force the MNE to pay yet another bribe to get the demanded service. Under a decentralised system of corruption it is more likely that additional bureaucrats would put up demands for bribes. This is one example of how corruption introduces an element of uncertainty for the MNE. For an economy where centralised corruption dominates we would expect ÃŽÂ ² to be close to one while decentralised corruption would imply a smaller value of ÃŽÂ ² (Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004). They went further citing that the cost of corruption for the bribed is normally the punishment that can be imposed on him if he is found guilty, while for the briber it is the expected cost of punishment as well as the size of the bribe that composes the cost. The culture in the host-country can be assumed to influence the willingness of the agents to engage in corrupt practices. In economies where corruption is frowned upon there should, ceteris paribus, exist less corruption than in an economy that accepts corruption. The general cost function shown in equation 3 below tries to take all of the above into account. 4.4.3 Equation 3 The general cost function cj= ((ÃŽÂ ´+ÃŽÂ ±)) p)+ ÃŽÂ · (iii) Where c j is the cost of the j:th bribe with j going from 1 to n, p signifies the perceived risk of being caught, the expected punishment is denoted ÃŽÂ ´, while ÃŽÂ ± represents the social cost of being revealed as engaging in corrupt behaviour and ÃŽÂ · is the monetary value of the bribe. For the bribed ÃŽÂ ·=0 while ÃŽÂ ·>0 for the briber. The social cost of corruption ÃŽÂ ± goes from to infinity where a low value signifies that corrupt behaviour is widely accepted and a high value signify a culture with a strong aversion against corruption. Similar cost components of corruption for the individuals can be found in (Sen,2002,). The risk of being caught is dependent on the effectiveness of the police as well as the legal system. (La Porta et al, 1999) argues that countries having common law are better protected against corruption since the legal system has stronger property rights. But the enforcement of the laws is of equal importance. Triesman, finds that is perhaps not only the use of common law that decreases the amount of corruption but also whether or not a country has been under British rule, thus having had a strong influence on the legal culture not only the legal system. By taking the first derivative of equation 3 with respect to ÃŽÂ ´ we get the sensitivity of punishment. As can be seen the punishment depicted in law is highly dependent on surveillance and enforcement to have a deterrent effect on corruption in a country. Many developing countries have all the laws and regulations demanded from the international society regarding corruption but suffer from a severe lack of enforcement of the l aws. Thus those laws have little effect besides working as cosmetics for an ugly economy in need of aid and trade relations with developed countries (Triesman,1999). 4.5 Social cost of corruption The social cost of corruption may be lower in countries with more hierarchal religions as Islam and Catholicism since it is less accepted to challenge those above you in the hierarchy than in religions such as Protestantism (Triesman, 1999). Furthermore, countries with hierarchical religions tend to have stronger family ties, than countries that practice Protestantism (Triesman, 1999) It can also be the case that in cultures where the distinction between the officials private and official power is less distinct bribery may have lower social costs. All these things tend to affect the social stigma attached to corruption thus increasing or decreasing the cost. According to (Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004) in order to develop the model we have to combine the cost and payoff functions described above in order to determine whether corruption takes place. We have rewritten equation 1 by incorporating equation 2 and 3 resulting in one set of equations for the MNE, Equation 4, and one set for the bureaucrat, Equation 5, below. 4.5.1Equation 4 MNE No corruption if: ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) -ÃŽÂ · Corruption if: ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) -ÃŽÂ ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 (ii) Expected profit: à Ã¢â€š ¬MNE= ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) -ÃŽÂ · (iii) 4.5.2Equation 5 Bureaucrat No corruption if: ÃŽÂ ·- ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) Corruption if: ÃŽÂ · ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) ÃŽÂ ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 Expected profit: à Ã¢â€š ¬off = ÃŽÂ ·- ((ÃŽÂ ´+ ÃŽÂ ±) p) (iii) They went further, using 4.i and 5.i to solve for the expected profit of corruption for the MNE yields ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  =2 ÃŽÂ ·. This is only valid if we assume that all of the cost variables ÃŽÂ ´,ÃŽÂ ±, p are identical for both the MNE and the bureaucrat. This is a strong assumption since both the fines as well as the social cost probably are higher for the MNE than for the bureaucrat. If we assume that the value of the bribe, ÃŽÂ ·, is the reservation price for the bureaucrat due to the fact that the MNE has more bargaining power. 4.5.3Equation 6 Equation 6 below show the total monetary value of the bribes paid in an economy. This could be seen as the actual cost for the economy when we disregard the uncertainty of corruption. This uncertainty comes in two shapes, the one of getting caught and the one of fulfilling ones obligation. If the service would have been delivered as a tax service equation 6 would equal the tax cost the MNE would have paid. n Total monetary value of corruption (6) V= ÃŽÂ £v j 1 Where is the monetary value of the j:th bribe with j going from 1 to n, with n being the number of transactions where it may be possible to offer a bribe, vj = ÃŽÂ ·j if both 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ÃŽÂ ² j -((ÃŽÂ ´ j + ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j) ÃŽÂ · j -(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j for all other cases vj=0 . In a developing economy n can be assumed to be higher under decentralised corruption than under centralised corruption since there are probably a greater number of different bureaucrats that demand bribes in the former case than in the latter. 4.5.4 Equation 7 Equation 7 below gives an account for the total cost of corruption that MNEs experience in a country. Here we include the cost of uncertainty unlike equation 6. n Total corruption cost for the MNE (7) CMNE = ÃŽÂ £ c j 1 Where cj is the expected cost of the j:th bribe with cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j )+ ÃŽÂ ·j if both 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ² j à Ã¢â‚¬  j ((ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j ) ÃŽÂ ·j and 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ÃŽÂ ·j(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j . If 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ² j à Ã¢â‚¬  j ((ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j ) ÃŽÂ ·j but 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ÃŽÂ ·j(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j then cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j ) but for all other cases cj=0 Cost of corruption for the MNE IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡off à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ c off then official chooses corruption IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ off then official chooses no corruption IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ CMNE then MNE chooses corruption cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j )+ ÃŽÂ ·j cj=(ÃŽÂ ´ j+ ÃŽÂ ± j)* p j IF à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ MNE then MNE chooses no corruption 0 0 (Source: Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004) It is evident from the above equations 6 and 7 that, i.e. the actual cost of corruption for the MNE is greater than just the size of the bribe thus it would have been less costly for the MNE to invest in a country where the services would have been supplied as a tax service. Further corruption as opposed to a tax does not benefit the government but the individual bureaucrat. The tax income could, if used efficiently by the government, promote growth of direct investment through increasing the stock of human capital or improving market economy institutions. This tax income could also be used to combat corruption through the legal system or by raising the salaries of the government officials. But for taxes to be less damaging than corruption this does not have to be the case. The only necessary condition is that there is less uncertainty involved. Furthermore, companies seldom have the choice whether to pay tax or not so the corruption cost will be something that has to be paid in addition to taxes, ( Dahlstrom and Johnson,2004). 4. 6 Effect of the host country corruption from the analysis The resulting effect of host-country corruption is that the actual cost of conducting business activities in the country is higher than what could be expected based on observable costs such as wages or transport costs. Based on this reasoning, corruption gives rise to extra costs that the MNE has to operate in the host-economy. If MNE presence does reduce corruption while corruption has a negative effect on FDI there might exist virtuous or vicious circles. If there is little FDI in a country the corruption stays high which discourages the MNE to invest, thus decreasing the FDI. Here we have a vicious circle but the opposite is also possible. If an MNE invests in a country the corruption decreases this further improves the incentives for future investments. If one also assumes that both FDI and low corruption encourages growth the country who finds itself in a virtuous circle will have a much higher probability of development than one that finds itself in a vicious circle. We now proceed to try to develop an expression that describes the effect of host country bureaucratic corruption on FDI inflows. We start by introducing a profit function for the MNE: à Ã¢â€š ¬(à Ã‚ ,w,ņ¹)= max { à Ã‚ y c(w,y, CMNE ) where p indicates the world market price of the output y of the MNE, w is the cost of production factors and CMNE represents the MNE cost of corruption as earlier Use of the expression py implies that demand for the good in the host country is too small to have an effect on the price that the MNE receives for its output. This assumption is most suitable for an export-platform type of FDI as described in (Ekholm et al, 2003) where the MNE production in the host-country is exported to third country markets. This type of FDI is most likely to appear in developing economies where small domestic markets exclude market-seeking motivated FDI but with low labour costs. This implies that the profit function is most suitable for MNEs that operate in developing economies. It might be argued that the MNE only starts production in the host country if the expected profit from doing so is larger than some minimum level of profits: E(à Ã¢â€š ¬)=[ E(p)E(y) -c(E(w),E (y),E(CMNE ))] à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ E(à Ã¢â€š ¬) where à Ã¢â€š ¬ is the minimum profit necessary for entry. Therefore, a rise in CMNE, the costs caused by corruption, should decrease the amount of FDI inflows that a host-country receives. It is also possible that MNEs that are already established in the host country decide to close down facilities if the costs of corruption become too high. (Cuervo-Cazurra , 2006) Although corruption has a negative impact on FDI because of the additional uncertainty and costs, such costs vary depending on the country of origin of the FDI. With respect to this topic, more FDI is gotten from OECD countries which are the rationale behind a corrupt country like Nigeria decreasing the quantity of its inward FDI because of the costs which the foreign MNC will have to incur to establish business in Nigeria. So therefore results show that the relationship between corruption and FDI is modified by the country of origin of the FDI.

NSync Essay -- essays research papers

The pop-R&B group, *NSYNC is taking the world by storm. Males and females alike appreciate *NSYNC’s great talent. With their individuality, music and dancing, and good looks, they seem to captivate and impress not only the teenage generation but older generations as well. The group was named *NSYNC after group member, Justin Timberlake’s mother, Lynn, realized that the last letter of each of the members’ names made up the word *NSYNC. It is easy to distinguish one member of *NSYNC from another. Group member Justin Timberlake is nineteen years old and is from Memphis, Tennessee. People recognize him by his good looks, and curly (and sometimes frizzy) blond-brown hair. Chris Kirkpatrick is the oldest member (also the shortest and has the highest voice) at age twenty-eight. He comes from Clarion, Pennsylvania. Joseph Anthony Fatone (Joey) is twenty-three and from Brooklyn, New York. He is easily recognized by his striking red hair and Brooklyn accent. James Lance (Lansten) Bass is twenty and from Mississippi. He has the lowest voice. Last but not least is Joshua Scott Chasez (JC) from Washington D.C, age twenty-three. JC has been dubbed, "Mr. Serious† by his group-mates. Formed in 1995, *NSYNC prides themselves on their â€Å"five-part-harmony† style singing, a cappella singing, performing, and precision dancing. A â€Å"five-part harmony† is a vocal arrangement made up of five parts. In *NSYNC’s case, soprano (Chr...

Aligning Action and Values Article Critique Essay

In the article ‘Aligning Action and Values’ article by Jim Collins, a very pertinent point is made that is applicable in today’s business environment. Organizations spend very little time aligning daily work with the overall vision and core values set by the organization. Collins’ article was written 10 years ago, but the content currently still has merit. Organizations are constantly changing and adapting to industry and environmental trends. With the explosion of the Internet and rapid global expansion, company’s need to have efficient change management programs and vision to keep the organization on track. Too often, companies are sidelined by managers that are self-promoting and not working for the overall vision of the company. Yet, this is not necessarily a middle manager problem, but a problem of the company not identifying and pursuing the grand vision the company was founded to achieve. Mr. Collins points out the often company’s are either to busy trying to repeatedly craft the perfect vision statement or the organization has not spent any time aligning the organization with the values that have been determined. Truly visionary organizations are able to use core values become efficient in management and operations to keep the company moving forward. Organizations that do not align goals with values spend more time evaluating past problems and too little time focusing on the future. Jim Collins is correct in that one must first identify the internal dialogue to identify organizational misalignments. There is typically mistrust between senior leaders and employees in terms of who is doing the right things. Senior leaders need to listen to lower level managers and employees and take into consideration the perspective of those that directly link to the customer. Senior leaders also need to determine what is said in the organization’s undercurrent internal dialogue. What often drives employees to perform is what is felt unconsciously, not what is stated in official forums. Company’s that have alignment of goals with vision are able to determine the internal dialogue and keep the dialogue positive. Identifying the difference between core values and strategies is essential for organizational alignment. Mr. Collins points out that core values should be timeless and never change. What should change are operational practices and strategies. Many companies too often are constantly identifying new core values, and this makes focus difficult. By identifying permanent core value, employees are able to always rely on what the greater purpose of the company should represent in all daily operations. Without this concrete focus, employees become disgruntled and unable to focus on any one thing, increasing inefficiencies. Mr. Collins also posits that organizations cannot â€Å". . . nstall new core values into people. . . † but that people are predisposed to holding them. Therefore, the key is to find people that are already predisposed to holding the company’s particular values. This concept is especially hard for organizations that are attempting to align actions to values. People are inherently resistant to change and any change in an organization’s core values will be difficult for all employees to embrace. Therefore, it is crucial that organizations identify core values at inception so that all employees will identify with the goals and vision when hired. Otherwise it is exceptionally difficult to implement change management strategies to get employees to ‘buy in’ to new values. In all, Jim Collins is accurate on his assessment of aligning action and values in organizations. Although this article was written 10 years ago, companies still struggle with these concepts today. Mr. Collins is correct that organizations need to have permanent core values, identify internal dialogues and act on inconsistencies, and hire people that are predisposed to a particular organizations core values, instead of attempting to gain ‘buy in’ from current employees.

Describe the effects of the Blitz in Everyday life in Britain

By 1940, Britain had seen the face of war through the Blitz. Devouring everything, Hitler's Luftwaffe were relentless as they launched raids after merciless raids. Loved ones died, friends suffered, rationing ravaged the lands and there was the constant fear of death at every turn at every corner. No one was safe, not even The Royal family when they moved to Coventry. The reminder of war and a reality that they could not escape haunted the people as some died of severe fatigue. Morale was low, with death possible by a number of means and the quality of life alien to what people were used to, the Blitz was the most effective weapon against the Britons. The era of 1940-41 saw the focus of attacks on London as well as some other cities. Parts of these places were described as being razed. With thousands of homeless strangers wandering for shelter, and with virtually no finance, these houses stayed as rubble. Even people with homes could not stop to wander what they would do when they were without. Homelessness was just one of the problems, death being the other major factor. There could be many possible means of dying. Shrapnel wounds, extreme exhaustion, being buried alive under the rubble the list is endless. Even in their subterranean cellars, people could die of flooding. Throughout the war there wasn't even a bomb shelter designed to take full impact from a bomb. The few places which provided full shelter from the bombing, the underground railways for example, proved too costly for the Brits. The Blitz's ruthless aggression took all and any victims, women and children took large percentages of the death toll. Schools, entertainment facilities and even churches were targeted. The population's moral was low, women feared for their husbands and sons abroad and dreaded for their children on the home front. Children were targeted by the bombing of schools and education, in theory this would prove an excellent tactic for the Germans as the children were the future of Britain, thus with a lack of education the British army would weaken. Furthermore, with entertainment facilities being bombed, morale would dip to its lowest for it was one of the only things which could relieve the Britons minds. Not even churches were safe, the people had no one to turn to. With scarcity of faith and society in an anarchy they did want to be in, one wonders how the people coped with the devastation the Blitz brought. The first attack on Britain by Hitler's Luftwaffe brought the start of a fifty seven day consecutive bombing. Around three hundred German bombers set out to destroy London. The Royal Air Force had a demanding task set against them as they were heavily outnumbered and could not replace the amount of planes falling from the skies. Women on the home front were expected to work overtime without extra pay. The arduous labour they had undergone brought them severe fatigue and when they finished work and went home, if it was still standing, the air raid sirens and blackout would not help them to get any rest. The life of a commoner during the Blitz was no easy one. With friends and family dying abroad as well as on the home front life would have been torment. Huge amounts of stress and pressure would be exerted on those working in factories, urged to work overtime and for little pay. Death could be met at any and every corner, a bomb blast could lead to a number of painful deaths. Rationing was enforced due to the bombing of major ports such as in Portsmouth. As well as the fact that entertainment was also targeted, life was made worse for the Brits as they had nowhere to turn to in order to relieve their pain and sorrow. Life during the Blitz was strenuous due to all these factors, yet probably the worst devastation the Blitz had brought was how the inhabitants could not talk about their problems as it may have revealed positions to spies. One must applaud those who survived the Blitz and all they went through for it is hard to live when there is nothing to live for.

Telecommunication Project Bluetooth

Telecommunication Project Bluetooth Abstract The research opens with a historical overview of the word ‘Bluetooth’. The study brings out the connection between the name and the Bluetooth functions to create a universal unification of connectivity protocols.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Telecommunication Project: Bluetooth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research has highlighted the use of Bluetooth in replacing cables and assisting in energy management and control. The study has focused on using the qualitative method of data analysis. In this case, different sources have been analyzed, and conclusions reached basing on the data reviewed. The literature reviewed has demonstrated various challenges facing the Bluetooth in the telecommunication industry. The hurdles of scatter net and security threats are alarming, and they ought to be addressed to enhance the safety of Bluetooth. Introduction The term Bluetooth has a Scandinavian o rigin. It is based on the Danish story of King Herald I uniting the tribes to form a kingdom. The link between the Herald’s story and the creation of Bluetooth is that it would achieve the same goal of uniting all the communication protocols. The main aim of Bluetooth in technology is connecting communication protocols to a universally approved standard. The use of Bluetooth in connecting has been widely used today, and tremendous acknowledge of its benefits have been witnessed. The focus on networking and connectivity has made blue tooth more relevant than it was before. The initial ideology behind the development of Bluetooth was geared towards replacing cables in information transmission (Dodd, 2001). Bluetooth is defined as a wireless technological device with the capacity of transmitting data over short distances. It was created by Ericsson in 1994. The creation of the reliable Personal Area Network was greatly fostered by the use of Bluetooth.Advertising Looking for report on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the initial purpose was to replace data cables, Bluetooth mainly helped in curbing the problems of synchronization since it is capable of connecting many devices. This device must achieve the universal standards set by Bluetooth Special Interest Group that oversees the marketing of Bluetooth. This ensures conformity with the patents and copyright specifications. In the same manner with other intellectual property regulations, Bluetooth ensures that 16,000 member companies are protected against any form of trademark or patents infringement (Anttalainen, 2003). Research Method This research is mainly qualitative in nature. Therefore, it follows that qualitative methods of data handling will be used. Secondary data such as relevant books were used in discussing the topic at hand. The desired conclusions will be reached based on the information accessed. Litera ture Review Under the Special Internet Guide umbrella, the Bluetooth is given a specification that is only attained through cooperation with other companies. The specification is for dealing with security issues since Bluetooth is prone to hackers. The specification defines the entire Bluetooth operation from the creation stage to the last step. The specification is extremely lengthy due to the wide topics that it covers. However, without this, the master Bluetooth is rendered useless. In other words, it is the entire framework that describes the working of a Bluetooth (Horak, 2007). The only way to enhance computer capability through mobile phones has been by use of Bluetooth. It has made transmission and connectivity easy and enjoyable. The advantages of adopting a wireless technology have been witnessed in that Bluetooth serve small gadgets such as mobile phones.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Telecommunication Project: Bluetooth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effective use of radio circuit and frequencies in transmission is reliable and provides connectivity to up to a radius of 10 meters. Nonetheless, Bluetooth can have a wide coverage of up to 100 meters. This makes Bluetooth more trusted and promising. It can easily form an adhoc network that greatly assists in creating a short range of wireless network. The networks enhance the connectivity between small devices and other external personal devices such as printers and internet access points (Dodd, 2001). There are several methods in which the Bluetooth device has been put to use. In the first place, it allows the mobile phone to be used as any other normal cellular phone. The facilitation is by Bluetooth Wireless, and it facilitates the achievement of direct communication with some other gadget. Secondly, Bluetooth has widely been used in situations where the user of a phone intends to continue a conversation when opening the d oor of the car or doing something else. The use of Bluetooth has ensured that the person using the phone can multitask by simply using the speakers installed at the dashboards of the mobile phone (Horak, 2007). Thirdly, the age of digital camera has been backed up by the creation of Bluetooth. The instant post card in a digital camera is made possible through a data access point via a mobile phone in most cases. Such communications would be rendered impossible if Bluetooth connection was not available. The installation of phones with programmed software that can assist in ordering products have been a great achievement. The process has been widely tried by salespeople, and it has assisted in cutting expenditure and improving profits.Advertising Looking for report on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It allows a sales employee to connect to a portable bar reader. When the sale of the product ordered is completed, the salesman needs to scan the barcode and the item sold appears on the screen of the phone. The process would have been long if the salesperson was to make manual transactions. The quality of instant customer feedback is enhanced through the use of Bluetooth. The connectivity of Bluetooth in sales operation serves to assist the customer and the sales person. The sales person is saved the trouble of making orders after every sale since everything is monitored through the phone. Trust is created since customers get instant feedback on the products they intend to buy (Dodd, 2001). Bluetooth has been widely used instead of cables. The replacement was necessary since cables have high power consumption. Bluetooth use less power since the device encourages transmission of data within a relative shorter distance. Furthermore, the use of radio communications system follows a wi reless path which does not require much power. The installation of Bluetooth in a company may require different companies to adopt a wide range of configurations (Horak, 2007). Bluetooth has achieved tremendous strides in the telecommunications industry since it has encouraged change from software to hardware. It has set the pace for unprecedented productivity in connecting all the mobile devices. Bluetooth applications work best if they are appropriately placed. The client application is supposed to be positioned to ensure that undue load is reduced, and users are not often annoyed. The effect of not placing Bluetooth application in the right position may render it ineffective. The recommended distance from one mobile device is supposed to be 20 meters. This obstacle has not been easy to overcome, and the coverage problem has still formed a major obstacle to the use of Bluetooth (Anttalainen, 2003). Wider coverage of network connectivity is largely the main attraction towards the u se of Bluetooth in wireless linking. However, there are numerous challenges associated with Bluetooth. The purpose of Bluetooth can only be realized if those challenges are addressed. In the first place, there is a need to get solutions to configure scatter net. The term has its origin in the Bluetooth adhoc networks. The scatter networks have been a major hurdle hence hindering the usability of Bluetooth. The scatter net formation has lacked a major standardized protocol to address it. The new focus on telecommunication has seen steps taken to deal with the problem. The continued efforts towards solving the problem of scatter net have included many key players. Telecommunications industry has largely benefited by using Bluetooth in enhancing sharing of information. The issue of how best to disconnect the piconets so as to connect existing scatter net should be considered (Dodd, 2001). The connection of Bluetooth requires the hopping to be in the same sequence. The master and slave devices should be aligned in the sense that they detect each other from the same sequence. The hopping sequence takes about 32 in an arrangement of 79 frequencies. Bluetooth has various terminals that make it function. The 3G terminals are proving to be significantly supportive to the Bluetooth connection. It is certainly clear that the low power advantage of Bluetooth has made it easy for use. The Bluetooth ability to use the bridges to negotiate with the neighboring piconets is very effective. The Blue tooth manufacturers incorporated the bridge nodes so as to slow transmission. Since the master node is the busiest, it inherently controls all the transmissions that come through it. This leaves a minimal space for other tasks (Horak, 2007). Bluetooth creation has greatly influenced the management of global energy crisis. The fact that the device can use solar energy that is sustainable makes it efficient in energy management. Bluetooth relies on the PDA user components that support its functioning by activating the 16 bit code. The easy way of linking it with the micro controller makes it access the information sent though by placing it at strategic places. The functional principle of Bluetooth system is based on the Palm. The Palm guides, creates, and links the specification guide. The numerous hands free devices make the functions of Bluetooth effective by making links to the guide at a point when it has reached a full range (Anttalainen, 2003). Bluetooth is attractive and cost friendly compared to the use of cables. Essentially, cables are expensive due to the cost incurred in their installation and the energy consumed while transmitting information. The process of connecting, plugging, and installing has been rendered invalid by the use of Bluetooth where devices communicate by picking signals. This is enabled through the use of ubiquitous standardized communications system that makes the link between the devices reliable. The system does not require the user to switch on his/her phone. The link is established by getting an automatic Web browser appearance on the screen that makes the user aware of being connected to the surfer (Dodd, 2001). Bluetooth has served its purpose using the radio frequency technology. The connection of portable devices was the initial strategy behind its creation. Also, it was created to replace the use of cables. The way people are interacting with information has been substantially revolutionized today. This has been built on the Personal Area Network that has enhanced wireless network connectivity. The old notions of connectivity have lost their meaning in the age of Bluetooth. The connection of portable, mobile gadgets to transmit information within short distances using less power without any cable is a novel step in the technological growth. The connection of the internet has been taken to a greater level where many devices can rely on a single Internet Service Provider (Anttalainen, 2003). The speci fication of Bluetooth can be found in the working framework of Bluetooth that begun at the start of the 21st century. The specification was a defining moment to the study of accessories of phones. The study on the Bluetooth specification and other accessories embarked on establishing the use of radio frequency links in supporting its working. The advantage of radio links in comparison to the cables is that it is not directional. In addition, since it uses the infra-red links between handsets and other devices, the line of sight is not necessary (Horak, 2007). The study was a success, and the results were the birth of the Bluetooth specification technology. Naming of the specification was done whereby Harald Blatand was the name given to the specification. The creation of the specification proved that the device was capable of operating in noisy radio frequency unfavorable environments. Bluetooth is centered on hopping in order to make the change robust and communication reliable. Th e avoidance of interference is enhanced through hopping, which is done before and after transmitting and receiving a packet. Bluetooth has become well suited to meet the task due to its ability to hop faster than other systems. Its strength is based on the fact that fast hooping coupled with shorter packets. The short distance transmission enjoys the support of Forward Error connection that reduces noise during the time of transmission (Horak, 2007). The baseband protocol of Bluetooth contains the circuit and packet switching. It also has slots that are preserved to be used for any form of synchronous packets and the said hopping happens in the frequency transmitted. The working of the packets is designed to take a single slot. However, in some situations, it can be extended to take up to five slots or more. The synchronizing of the voice channels maintains a consistency of more than three synchronizing voice channels. Its development ensures that it supports asynchronous data while at the same time holding the synchronous data (Dodd, 2001). Bluetooth has two power levels that are joined and their functional nature well defined. The two levels are distinct in their functions though joined together in the same device. A lower power level majors on the shorter personal level within a given room. On the other hand, a higher level power is used in maintaining coverage within the medium range of the network that may include a home. The communications with varied coverage are facilitated by the installation of software built in each microchip that ensures that the units in it are preset (Anttalainen, 2003). Bluetooth has been highly acknowledged as illustrated by its ability to save power. The fact that the device can stay in power hold mode is very helpful in saving power. The ACL link enhances that function when placed between two Bluetooth devices whereby it can stay in hold mode for a reasonable time while saving power. The change in transmission at this mode is witnessed where the ACL packets do not transmit any information from the master code. The function is only applicable when there is no need to transmit information for a long time. The transmitter in such a case can also be switched off so as to reduce power use. At a point whereby the connection of the Bluetooth is required, the transceiver may be switched off to assist in discovering a device by the Bluetooth. A similar disconnection is used when joining other Pico nets. The data messages send through the devices is also kept at hold. The device also has the capacity to transmit the message or to leave it (Dodd, 2001). The measurement of the power that goes to the antennae is distinct from the RSSI value since Bluetooth has the dynamic regulation of transmitter power. The RSSI has several differences associated with the increase and decrease of power in the device. The Bluetooth power transmission is based on the decrease and increase of output power in one step. The transmitter power in Bluetooth is set such that it is independent of different slave codes. In Bluetooth transmission, interference from one slave code cannot affect the master’s power transmitter at the same time (Horak, 2007). Audio transmissions are also a very impressive feature of Bluetooth. The transmissions occur between one or more Blue tooth devices connected together. These transmissions do not go through the L2CAP layer, and it is transmitted directly. Direct transmission is enhanced through the establishment of the Bluetooth link. This is also boosted by initiating a direct establishment amongst the Bluetooth devices. The use of Blue tooth would not have been possible without the Host Controller interface method that links the Bluetooth hardware devices. There is need for a command interface to ensure effective accessibility of the hardware control status. In this respect, an interface to the Baseband manager serves the purpose. The command has the control and event registers to have the functions simplified (Anttalainen, 2003). The Link Manager Protocol is highly responsible in linking the set up between two Bluetooth devices. Its main functions are to handle the control of packet sizes used in data transmission. The power saving advantage is supported by the availability of the Link Manager Protocol that deals with the management of power modes. In addition, the protocol also controls power usage, as well as the condition of Bluetooth piconet (Dodd, 2001). Conclusion The literature reviewed has shown that the role of Bluetooth in the new technological age cannot go unnoticed. The device has enabled wireless connection within short distances without the use of cables. Bluetooth has helped in the management of global energy by creating a way of saving power. The fast transmission of data through the device improves its effectiveness. It remains more popular in the wireless connection of personal networks and the cellular phones use. However, it should b e remembered that the device deserves high levels of security control since hackers may interfere with information on transmission. In addition, the issue of scatter net is a prime threat to the working of Bluetooth, and it ought to be addressed. References Anttalainen, T. (2003). Introduction to telecommunications network engineering. Boston: Artech House. Dodd, A.Z. (2001). The essential guide to telecommunications. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall PTR. Horak, R. (2007). Telecommunications and data communications handbook. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons.

Persuasive Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Persuasive Speech - Essay Example the food that is served to us in the school cafeteria, they may actually be serving us Frankenstein foods or genetically modified foods which are not healthy. This is not to blame the canteen administrators because many of the foods sold at our groceries are in fact genetically modified and it is very difficult to figure out whether they are organic or not (Kenner). Genetically modified foods are already prevalent. They are a product of the factorization of our food industry that seeks to produce food in scale, albeit of lower quality than those that are naturally grown by our farmers. They are also peppered with chemicals so do not be surprised if you still do not feel nourished after a plentiful meal because most of the food you ate was not really food but were mostly composed of chemicals. This is not to say that natural foods are already gone and totally replaced by genetically modified foods. They are still present and are still grown by our farmers. Only that their products are seldomly picked by our grocery stores because they favor the GMO’s more than the healthier organic foods. Being such, GMO is ever present in the current servings of our cafeteria through its fast food servings. I understand that my fellow students love fast foods because of its taste and convenience. I do not like to contradict only that fast foods are not healthy both to our body and environment. This is supported by experts who concluded that â€Å"consumption of fast food, which have high energy densities and glycemic loads, and expose customers to excessive portion sizes, may be greatly contributing to the escalating the rates of overweight and obesity in the USA†. This was supported further by the study of Currie who suggested that the increase in the supply of fast food restaurants have a significant effect on obesity. It is evident that consuming non-organic food is unhealthy both to the body and environment. GMO’s food which is present in fast foods and most

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Not sure - Essay Example The scene challenges essentialist ideas about gender and identity issues because Merida undermines and opposes her family and community that promote the negation of women’s free will and autonomy. The scene exposes the binary distinction between traditional and non-traditional gender norms and conduct. Merida challenges essentialist norms about gender because she is not like typical princesses, who love beautifying themselves and preparing for romance and marriage. She dislikes making herself physically attractive to anyone, especially another man. She even hates acting and dressing like a princess because the tight clothing disables her from moving freely around and doing anything she wants. Figure 1 shows her slumped on the princess’ chair, instead of having the usual grand posture of a â€Å"real† lady, as her mother would have emphasized. Merida’s poor countenance and posture breach customary gender etiquette. Furthermore, Merida loathes having no free will in the events unfolding before her. Lady Elinor announces the goal of the arrow shooting competition. Whoever wins will marry her daughter. Merida shakes her head and looks sullen and dejected. See Figure 1. She contests the idea that she needs a man to vie for her, which fundamentally means, a man who will end her freedom and autonomy. Merida is unlike other princesses who are happily groomed to be married. Other princesses will be excited and eager to meet their princes, their future husbands. Lady Elinor prepares Merida for this stage in her life, but the latter has no inclination for a married life. The competition seems like a death sentence to her. In addition, romance usually serves as a driving force for princesses. Merida is not the typical princess at all because romance is the last thing on her mind. She wants adventure in the woods, shooting targets, and riding alone and free. As she blows out her exasperation, a stray hair falls on her face. It represents her stra y nature, a nature that resists heteronormativity. Heteronormativity insists that as a princess, her greatest role in life is to be married off to a prince someday. She opposes heteronormativity because she does not want to get married and lose her precious freedom. Merida wants to own her life, including her decision for marriage. Figure 1: Sullen and Dejected Merida Aside from exploring the sharp contrast between traditional and non-traditional gender norms, the scene depicts a young woman’s struggle in defining new gender-identity relations. Merida disrespects the traditional connection between gender and identity, where she is expected to be, not just an ordinary woman, but a princess who will preserve traditional inter-clan marriage customs. The scene shows that the community generally blindly follows gender norms and traditional customs. Women, in particular, believe in the romantic notion of the competition. When the vain prince is shown, some of them swoon and fall in love with him. These people represent women who reinforce traditional gender norms and identity, where they allow their society-molded womanhood to dictate their interests and destinies. Merida is different from them. She opposes the traditional gender-identity relationship by defying traditions and gender roles. Figure 1 suggests that she is not someone who will accept her fate too easily. She will not be forced to marry anyone, just